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The sucker rod serves as the slender component of a pumping well, connecting the polished rod above and the lower portion of the sucker pump to transmit power. Each individual sucker rod typically measures between 7.62 to 8 meters, sometimes reaching up to 9.14 meters, and is generally made from low-carbon alloy steel that undergoes quenching and tempering treatments. These rods are joined end-to-end using internal threaded couplings and extend all the way down to the piston located within the oil layer deep underground. Through reciprocating motion, this system pumps oil upwards. Modern oil wells often span lengths of around two kilometers, with some in places like Shengli Oilfield exceeding depths of three thousand meters.
As a critical component of rod-pumping equipment, the sucker rod transfers the energy generated by the surface pumping unit directly to the downhole oil pump. The sucker rod string consists of dozens or even hundreds of these rods linked together via couplings. During operations, the sucker rod string experiences asymmetric cyclic loading, interacting with the wellbore fluids—typically a mix of oil and formation water. In many cases, these fluids contain corrosive substances, leading to the primary failure modes of the sucker rod being either fatigue fractures or corrosion fatigue fractures. Breakages in the sucker rods can severely impact oil production, driving up workover costs and increasing overall operational expenses.
The history of the sucker rod dates back nearly a century. Initially, they were crafted from natural materials like rattan. However, technological advancements have seen the introduction of metal sucker rods, with the first patent granted to Samuel M. Jones of Ohio on October 30, 1894. Over the last two decades, both domestic and international industries have embraced innovative materials, machinery, and techniques in sucker rod manufacturing. This includes the use of multi-element alloy steels and fiberglass, along with modern equipment like intermediate frequency induction heaters, infrared temperature measurement tools, non-rotating sucker rod heads, and automated coupling production lines. Advanced methods such as optimized forging die designs, external thread rolling processes, variable-diameter elbows, semi-cutting and semi-extrusion for couplings, friction welding, shot peening, and surface induction hardening have significantly enhanced the quality and durability of sucker rods.
To cater to diverse operational demands, including heavy-duty pumping, deep well extraction, high-viscosity oil wells, and those prone to corrosion, various specialized sucker rods have been developed globally. Examples include ultra-high-strength rods, FRP (fiberglass-reinforced plastic) rods, hollow rods, KD-grade rods, continuous sucker rods, electrically heated rods, wire-rope rods, and aluminum-alloy rods. Additionally, numerous accessories for sucker rod strings have been engineered, such as high-strength polished rods, toothless clamps, rotating rod devices, shock absorbers, graphite-adjustable polished rod sealing boxes, roller couplings, centralizers, wax scrapers, weighted rods, anti-drop mechanisms, disconnect devices, and magnetic wax inhibitors. These innovations have extended the service life and expanded the application scope of sucker rods.
1. **Technical Principle**
Utilizing a high-strength sucker rod nipple as the core, HDNA boasts superior tensile strength, with its coupling having a diameter of 5/8, matching or surpassing the performance standards of conventional sucker rods. By employing sacrificial anode electrochemical corrosion prevention, localized wear-induced electrochemical corrosion can be mitigated. The sacrificial anode provides cathodic protection by continuously delivering a cathodic current to the protected body through an electrolyte. The continuous flow of this current ensures that the anode material is consumed gradually, thereby preventing damage caused by electrochemical corrosion. To shield the anode material from being dislodged or eroded by fluid flow inside the pipe, the inner and outer threads of the sucker rod and the anode body are fitted with stainless steel sleeves. Furthermore, the coupling is crafted from a high-nickel alloy, ensuring a smooth surface while enhancing the longevity of the sucker rod coupling.
2. **Technical Parameters**
- Size: 1", 7/8", 3/4", 5/8"
- Supporting rod diameter: 25mm, 22mm, 19mm, 16mm
- Outer diameter of centralizer: φ56mm
- Sacrificial anode spontaneous potential protection range: 50m
- Effective power generation: ≥1.1 A.h/g
- Anode consumption rate: ≤12.36 kg/A.a
- Current efficiency: ≥65%
3. **On-Site Installation**
When installing the sucker rod during operations, it must be connected to the sucker rod screw and installed at specific intervals based on the corrosion and eccentric wear conditions of the oil well. Typically, a section should be installed every 80-100 meters. The effectiveness of the sucker rod anti-corrosion and anti-wear device is enhanced when used alongside KXY-2 tubing cathodic protectors and common nylon centralizers.
This comprehensive approach not only ensures optimal performance but also addresses challenges associated with harsh downhole environments, providing a reliable solution for sustainable oil extraction.