On January 8, 2019, the 2018 National Science and Technology Awards were officially announced in Beijing. A total of 285 projects and individuals received awards, including 38 National Natural Science Awards, 67 National Technological Invention Awards, and 173 National Science and Technology Progress Awards. This year's ceremony marked a significant milestone in China's science and technology landscape, with several groundbreaking achievements recognized. At the heart of this year’s recognition was the "Key Technology Research on Major Changes in Temperature Units" project, led by the China Institute of Metrology. The project was awarded the first prize in the National Science and Technology Progress Award category. It played a crucial role in supporting temperature traceability for the development of the Long March rocket series and fourth-generation nuclear reactors, marking a major shift in the definition of temperature units. Temperature is one of the most fundamental physical quantities, essential for scientific research, national defense, energy, environmental monitoring, and public health. The innovative technologies developed through this project offer a solution for accurately measuring the core temperature of key national projects, significantly enhancing China's capabilities in temperature measurement and transmission. These advancements also provide critical support for areas such as aerospace and defense. The redefinition of temperature units represents a historic breakthrough in metrology. Accurate determination of the Boltzmann constant is central to this process. To ensure precision, the International Committee on Weights and Measures (CCT) requires at least two independent methods to measure the constant with an uncertainty below 3 × 10⁻⁶. This demand poses a major challenge to the limits of precision measurement. The project overcame these challenges by introducing two unique methods: fixed-stage cylindrical acoustic primary temperature measurement and quantum noise primary temperature measurement. Through advanced techniques like the "virtual fixed-stage cylindrical acoustic original temperature measurement method," "no-inductance error flux quantum control technology," and "quantum noise primary-level temperature measurement technology with all-factor exact matching," researchers achieved Boltzmann constant measurements with uncertainties of 2.0 × 10⁻⁶ and 2.7 × 10⁻⁶—among the best in the world. These breakthroughs have significantly elevated China's national temperature reference value transfer standards. The project's innovative approach has not only advanced metrology science but also provided strong support for technological progress in various fields, bringing substantial social benefits. The National Science and Technology Awards are China's highest honors in the field of science and technology. They include the National Science and Technology Award, the National Natural Science Award, the National Technology Invention Award, the National Science and Technology Progress Award, and the China International Science and Technology Cooperation Award. In 2018, it was the first year of the new award system reform, which introduced a nomination system and removed restrictions on nominating units. As a result, the number of submissions surged, making the competition more intense than ever before. (Source: Science and Technology Daily, China Quality News, Xinhuanet)

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