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12Cr1MoV alloy steel pipe offers better oxidation resistance and thermal strength compared to 12CrMoV steel. It is widely used in high-pressure, ultra-high-pressure, and subcritical power plant boiler superheaters, headers, and main steam pipelines. At 580°C, it maintains excellent thermal strength and oxidation resistance, along with high permanent plasticity. Its production process is simple, and it has good weldability, though preheating to 300°C before welding and post-weld stress relief are necessary.
One of the key advantages of 12Cr1MoV is its 100% recyclability, which aligns with national environmental protection, energy-saving, and resource conservation strategies. Domestic policies encourage expanding its application fields, making it a valuable material for sustainable industrial development.
Currently, the consumption of 12Cr1MoV alloy steel pipes in China is only about half that of developed countries. As the usage expands, the industry is expected to grow significantly. According to the 12Cr1MoV Alloy Steel Pipe Branch of the China Special Steel Association, the demand for high-pressure long products made from this material is projected to increase by an average of 10–12% in the coming years.
There are two main manufacturing methods for seamless steel pipes: hot-rolled (extruded) and cold-drawn (rolled). Cold-drawn tubes can be either round or special-shaped. The hot-rolling process involves heating the billet, perforation, rolling, sizing, cooling, straightening, testing, marking, and storage. The cold-drawing process includes heating, perforation, heading, annealing, pickling, oiling, multiple cold draws, heat treatment, and final inspection.
Microstructure strengthening plays a crucial role in determining the properties of 12Cr1MoV alloy steel pipes. The parent phase must be present for effective tissue strengthening. The process involves microstructure deformation and diffusion, with changes occurring depending on the cooling environment. In low temperatures, non-diffusion mechanisms dominate, while in high temperatures, diffusion takes over.
Two key factors influence microstructure strengthening: tissue strain and environmental cooling. Temperature changes affect the structure and energy state of the steel, and the presence of fine particles within the material also impacts its performance. Therefore, careful attention must be given to both the microstructure and mechanical properties during processing.
Hardenability depends on the critical cooling rate, which is influenced by several factors. The chemical composition, particularly carbon content, plays a major role. When carbon content is below 1.2%, increasing it improves hardenability by shifting the C curve to the right. However, above 1.2%, the opposite occurs. Most alloying elements, except cobalt, enhance hardenability by shifting the C curve to the right.
The grain size of austenite also affects hardenability. Coarser grains improve hardenability but may increase deformation and reduce toughness. Uniformity of the austenite composition influences the nucleation rate of pearlite, with more uniform compositions leading to better hardenability.
The original structure of the steel also has a significant impact on its properties. Elements like manganese and silicon contribute to hardenability but may introduce other drawbacks. Overall, optimizing these factors is essential for achieving the desired performance in 12Cr1MoV alloy steel pipes.