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China Instrument Network Instrument Development: The acquisition of high-precision scientific instruments is a critical factor in advancing basic frontier science. In recent years, China has faced significant challenges in the development of ultra-high vacuum molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and related equipment, which have become a major bottleneck in scientific research, application development, and original discoveries in relevant fields.
As an essential tool for studying low-dimensional materials and surface science, the invention of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and related scanning probe microscopy (SPM) has greatly advanced nanotechnology. However, these systems are complex and involve multiple disciplines such as ultra-high vacuum, low temperature, vibration control, precision machining, and electronic detection. For a long time, China's SPM equipment relied heavily on imports from developed countries.
The Gao Hongyu Research Group (N04 Group) at the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, has been focusing on SPM and its applications in low-dimensional quantum structures for many years, achieving significant results. They have also accumulated experience in the independent development of high-precision instruments, laying a solid foundation.
Collaborating closely with Zhaoqing, a researcher at the Institute of Physics, they independently developed key components and successfully upgraded a commercial four-probe system. This upgrade addressed issues like large noise, temperature drift, and low resolution, significantly improving signal-to-noise ratio, mechanical stability, imaging resolution, and cooling performance. They also introduced a "time-sharing re-control circuit unit," offering a cost-effective solution for multi-probe SPM systems.
PhD student Ma Ruisong and associate researcher Bao Lihong used this modified system to study graphene's transport properties, revealing the impact of grain boundaries and defects on electron behavior. Their findings were published in *Nano Letters*.
Recently, under the guidance of Wu Zebin and Gao Zhaoyan, PhD students from the N04 group, the team successfully developed new low-temperature optical SPM combined with MBE systems that meet international standards. These systems feature modular designs, compatibility with STM and qPlus AFM sensors, and improved thermal management and optical integration.
The system has been tested extensively, achieving atomic-resolution imaging and verifying performance through tunneling spectroscopy and periodic atomic structure preparation. It has also been customized for different research institutions, including Tsinghua University and the National Center for Nanoscience, and passed remote installation tests.
Currently, various components and complete systems, such as evaporation sources, controllers, and MBE systems, are being used in dozens of universities and research institutes worldwide. The work was published in the *Review of Scientific Instruments*, supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Chinese Academy of Sciences.